Hao Tian Shang Di (昊天上帝) is the highest god in ancient China, his honorary name first appeared in the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty formally appeared in the “Hao Tian Shang Di” honorary title, the Tang Dynasty to Hao Tian Shang Di as the emperor of the sole sacrifice. Legend has it that Hao Tian Shang Di resides in the Star of the North Star, surrounded by the sun, moon, stars, wind, rain, thunder and lightning as messengers, and assisted by the five gods (i.e. Wu Fang Tian Di).
Hao Tian Shang Di is the supreme deity in ancient Chinese mythology.
He is often referred to as “Lao Tian Ye” by Chinese people, representing or equating to the sky.
His image and status have evolved over time, but he has always occupied a central position in Chinese spiritual culture.
In ancient times, he was the highest deity in Confucianism and the official cult of state sacrifice.
His influence spans the entire history of Chinese civilization.
Ancient emperors frequently sacrificed to Hao Tian Shang Di in solemn and sacred ceremonies.
During the Zhou Dynasty, the main sacrifice to Heaven was held on the Winter Solstice at the Circular Mound in the southern suburbs of the capital.
The emperor and officials would fast and participate in the rituals.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Temple of Heaven became an important venue for sacrificing to Hao Tian Shang Di.
Its architecture and rituals were more refined and standardized.
In the Ming Dynasty novel “Investiture of the Gods,” Hao Tian Shang Di is the ruler of Heaven, with his wife being the Queen Mother of the West.
His daughter is Princess Long Ji, and his son-in-law is Hong Jin.
Legend has it that those who do good deeds will be blessed by Hao Tian Shang Di, which is the origin of the saying “Lao Tian Ye bless.”
Hao Tian Shang Di can also determine people’s fortune and misfortune.
Before ancient wars, large-scale sacrifices were usually held.
One purpose was to inform Hao Tian Shang Di, and the other was to seek his blessing.
Hao Tian Shang Di also decided the next ruler of humanity.
Therefore, ancient books have descriptions of the “Inspired Emperor,” referring to a woman receiving Hao Tian Shang Di’s will and giving birth to an emperor.
Besides Hao Tian Shang Di, there were other heavenly deities in ancient Chinese mythology, such as the Jade Emperor （玉皇大帝）, Di Jun （帝俊）, and Dong Huang Tai Yi （东皇太一）.
However, Hao Tian Shang Di’s status and influence were the most prominent.
These deities enriched the mythology and reflected ancient people’s exploration and understanding of the universe and nature.